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2020年历年考研英语真题经典长难句深度解析如下
十一、 Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency:Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
1.重点词汇及短语:
analysis n.(对事物/形势/问题的)分析
rule out 排除,拒绝考虑
influence n. 影响(力),作用 v.统治;控制;
account n. 叙述,报道;账户
take account (n.)of sth = take sth into accout 考虑到某事
leniency =lenience n. 仁慈,宽大
contribute v. 促成,造成(某事发生);捐献,捐助
political campaigns政治活动
fine n. 罚金,罚款v. 对……处以罚款
2.句子成分分析:
本句主干:Their analysis ruled out the possibility...。that引导一个同位语从句,同位语从句中的it was... rather than... that...为强调句结构,其中firms' political influence, rather than their CSR stand为强调部分。在这个强调结构中,accounted for为真正的谓语,the leniency为真正的宾语。冒号后面的内容是对前面内容的进一步补充说明。英语中表示强调时有一个很重要的句型,那就是“it is (was)+被强调成分+that (who)+其他”结构。 强调句中的连接词一般为that(可指物,也可指人)或who(指人)。若被强调的是状语,则只能用that ,而不能用when 或者where,且连接词都不能省略。
3.参考译文:
他们的分析排除了让公司受到宽大处理的原因是其政治影响力而非其企业社会责任立场的这种可能性:对政治活动投入更多的公司并没有处以更少的罚金。
十二、The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorising “off-plan” building where local people might object.
1.重点词汇及短语:
conservative adj.(英国)保守党的保守的;保守的
n. 英国保守党的支持者;因循守旧者,保守者
explicitly adv. 清楚明确地;直接了当地
priority n. 享有优先权先;优先处理的事,当务之急
conservation n. 环境保护;保存;节约
authoris(z)e v. 授权,批准,许可
authoris(z)e sb to do sth 授权/批准某人做某事
authoris(z)ation = authority n. 授权(书),许可(证)
“off-plan” building “计划外”建设
object v. 反对,不赞成 n. 实物;目标
object to (doing) sth 授权/批准某人做某事
2.句子成分分析:
本句主干:The Conservatives' planning reform... gives rural development priority over conservation...句中的gives...priority over...意为“给……优先权”现在分词短语authorising... might object为伴随状语,"off-plan" building为authorising的宾语。where引导一个定语从句,修饰先行词 "off-plan" building。伴随状语的特点:它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。现在分词短语作状语时,现在分词所表示的动作就是句子主语发出的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
3.参考译文:
保守党的改革计划明确将优先开发农村,然后再考虑环境保护问题,甚至批准了在当地人可能反对的地方进行“计划外”建设。
十三、 While polls show Britons rate "the countryside" alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
1.重点词汇及短语:
poll n. 民意测验;民意调查;选举投票;计票
alongside prep. 在……旁边;沿着……的边;与……一起
royal adj. 国王的;女王的;皇家的;王室的
Rate sth as sth 认为...,as部分是宾语的补充成分
Proudest最骄傲的
Limit 限制
2.句子成分分析: 本句是由while构成的前后两个具有转折意思的并列句,while从句内容较长,到最后一个逗号处才结束。其中Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country为省略了that的宾语从句,句中有着rate A as B的结构,其中rate为“排名”的意思。两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。 并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。并列连词有:and, but, or, so等.
3.参考译文:尽管民意调查显示,英国人将乡村列为仅次于王室、莎士比亚和国家医疗体系之后最令他们骄傲的事,但是乡村在政治方面的支持还是有限的。
十四、 The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: " We are aware of impact and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people".
1.重点词汇及短语:
State 陈述,声明
newly adv. 新近,最新
revise v. 修订;复习
charter n.章程,宪章
impact n. 撞击力,冲击;巨大影响
Danish Fashion Ethical Charter丹麦时装伦理章程
2.句子成分分析: 本句的主干部分为The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states。后面为阐述的观点,也是一个独立的句子,在该部分里We are aware of impact为主干,后面为省略了that的定语从句,对先行词impact进行解释说明,并且该部分中especially on young people作为插入语,补充说明前面的body ideals,意思是“对时尚产业尤其对年轻人在理想体型方面有着重要的影响”。插入语大都是对一句话进行附加说明或解释,通常由一个词、一个短语或一个句子构成,常置于句首、句中或句末,一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。
3.参考译文:新修订的《丹麦道德时尚宪章》明确指出:“时尚产业对人们——尤其是年轻人,在对理想体型追求方面有着重要的影响,我们意识到自己的这种影响并将担负起相应的责任。”
十五、 His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
1.重点词汇及短语:
self-contentedness 自满情绪
position n. 地位
additional adj. 额外的
capability n. 能力,才能
2.句子成分分析: 该句是一个复合句,句子主干是: His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness。之后的among结构是介词短语结构做后置定语,结构冗长 among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.其间又出现了其他从句。who引导的是定语从句,修饰those。第一个that 引导的定语从句,第二个that引导的是结果状语从句so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities。结果状语从句常由so… that或such…that引导,掌握这两个句型。结果状语从句其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用,形成固定搭配。
3.参考译文:对于那些可能认为英语的全球地位如此稳定以至于英国年轻人不需要获得额外的语言能力的人,大卫的分析应该会结束这些人的自满情绪。
十六、 But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.
1.重点词汇及短语:
ethics n.道德标准
conduct n.行为,举动
automobile n. 汽车
access n. 机会;权力
Rolex watch劳力士手表
Ferrari automobile法拉利汽车
2.句子成分分析: 本句是一个复合句。句子的主干是:it did so 。it 是句子的主语,did是谓语动词,so是宾语。while引导伴随状语while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,主干为(it was)holding its nose...his conduct。which 引导宾语从句,其先行词为conduct,举例说明违背了道德标准的具体行为which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government。seeking access to government为a company的后置定语。while引导状语从句时,如果主句和从句的主语一致,且 从句谓语又含有be,则从句中有时可省略主语和be, while后可以直接跟现在分词、过去分词、名词、形容词或介词短语。
3.参考译文:最高法院这样做了,但它同时对他的行为的道德标准表示嗤之以鼻,他的行为包括从一家寻求接近政府的公司那里接受项劳力士手表和法拉利汽车等礼物。
十七、 And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.
1.重点词汇及短语:
faintly adv. 微弱地
hint v. 暗示
intangible quality 内在品质
wasp-waist physiques 蜂腰体形
2.句子成分分析: 本句是一个复合句。they是句子的主语, hint是谓语动词,that引导宾语从句that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.。该宾语从句的主干为people should look to...。 like character and intellect举例说明intangible qualities。rather than引导的dieting their...physiques与intangible qualities为并列关系。size zero or wasp-waist physiques也是选择关系的并列副词在句中主要作状语,修饰动词;另外还可以修饰形容词、名词、介词短语、其他副词短语以及句子。副词可以分为时间、地点、方式、程度、疑问、连接和关系副词七类。副词大多以-ly结尾构成。请注意以下几点:1) 形容词和副词的原级比较级为:as...as...,在否定结构中用not as/so...as...结构。2) 形容词和副词的比较级通常与than连用。
3.参考译文:而且,这些禁令或许略微暗示了人们应关注性格和智力等内在品质,而不是一味追求通过节食获得极瘦的身材或蜂腰体形。
十八、 Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and passing a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the union.
1.重点词汇及短语:
ceremony n.仪式
Ritual仪式的,礼节性的
threads soaked in holy water ;Thread线;holy water 圣水;soak 浸泡了圣水的线
wrist n.手腕
bless the union庆祝结合
2.句子成分分析: 该句的主干结构是Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, tying cotton threads...and passing a candle...。过去分词短语soaked in holy water作后置定语修饰cotton threads,介词短语around the bride’s and groom’s wrists和 around a circle of happily married and respected couples作状语,不定式短语to bless the union作目的状语。不定式作状语时常用于表示目的、条件、结果。作目的状语时可用 in order to, so as to代替(注意:so as to不能置于句首);作结果状语时常用于only to, so...as to, such...as to, enough...to, too...to等结构中(注意:too...to结构中如出现anxious/eager/pleased/ready等词,则不再表示否定结果,而表示程度,意为very。
3.参考译文:婚礼仪式包含剪发仪式、把圣水浸泡过的棉线系在新郎和新娘的手腕上、把蜡烛在婚姻美满且受人尊敬的夫妻中传一圈以示对新婚夫妻的祝福等部分。
十九、 So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough.
1.重点词汇及短语:
Kennedy 肯尼迪
refer to 所指
the economic activity of nations 国家经济活动
2.句子成分分析: 本句是一个复合句。So是状语,起承接上文的作用。what Kennedy was referring to是主语从句作主语,was是系动词,that引导的while...enough是表语从句。在该表语从句中,while GDP...the economic activity of nations是一个让步状语从句,as a measure是方式状语,it is no longer enough是主句,it指GDP。在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫作名词性从句。名词性从句一般由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
3.参考译文:那么,肯尼迪所指的就是,尽管GDP是衡量国家经济活动最普遍的方法,但是作为一项衡量指标,它已经显出不足了。
二十、 Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens.
1.重点词汇及短语:
Measure v. 估量,衡量
Performer n. 表演者,演奏者
Economic growth 经济增长
2.句子成分分析: 本句是一个复合句。Across the 163 countries measured是状语,其中measured作后置定语修饰countries。The UK是主语,is是系动词,one of the poorest performers是表语,in ensuring that economic growth...for its citizens是后置定语修饰performers,其中that引导的宾语从句作ensuring的宾语。根据在句子中所起的作用的不同,英语中的从句(Clause)可以分为名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句)和副词性从句(即状语从句)三大类。名词性从句在句子里相当于一个名词,因此可以充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语;定语从句相当于一个形容词,因此可以作定语;状语从句在使用上则相当于一个副词,因此在句子里作状语。
3.参考译文:在研究的163个国家中,英国在保证把经济增长转化为真正改善国民生活方面是表现最差的国家之一。
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