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1.0 ¸ÅÊö
1.1 ½â¹¹ÒâÒ壺¸´ÔÓÐÔ(Complexity)ºÍ²»È·¶¨ÐÔ(Uncertainty)
1.2 ½»Á÷Óᄈǿ»¯ÁËÒâÒåµÄ¸´ÔÓÐÔ
1.3 ³¬Îı¾ÒâÒå
1.4 Àí½âµÄÎÄ»¯ÕÏ°­
1.5 ·­ÒëÀí½âµÄ¶Ô²ßÂÛ
µÚ¶þÕ ÐÂÎű¨¿¯ÎÄÌå
2.0 ¸ÅÊö
2.0.1 ÐÂÎű¨¿¯ÎÄÌåµÄ·¶³ë
2.0.2 ÐÂÎű¨¿¯ÎÄÌåµÄÌصã
2.0.3 ÐÂÎű¨¿¯ÎÄÌåµÄººÒëÒªµã
2.0.3.1 ×¼È··­ÒëÐÂÎÅ´ÊÓï
2.0.3.2 ¼á³ÖÑϽ÷µÄ·­Òë̬¶ÈÓë×÷·ç
2.0.3.3 ·­ÒëÐÂÎű¨µÀʱ£¬ººÓïÒëÎIJ»ÒËÌ«Ë×»òÌ«ÑÅ
2.0.3.4 Ò»°ã˵À´£¬¸÷ÀàÐÂÎÅÌå²ÃµÄ×÷Æ·¶¼ÒÔÌṩ¡°ÊÂʵ¡±»ò¡°ÏûÏ¢¡±ÎªÄ¿µÄ£¬±ÜÃâʹÓü¤ÇéµÄ´ÊÓï
2.1 ·­ÒëµÄ»ù±¾²ßÂÔÊǽâÊÍ£º¼æÂÛÖ±ÒëÓëÒâÒë
2.1.1 Óï¼Êת»»Ä£Ê½
2.1.2 ÍÆÂÛÓë½áÂÛ
2.1.3 ¿É¶ÁÐÔÓë¿ÉÒëÐÔ
2.2 Ó¢ººÓïÐò¶Ô±È¼°·­Òë
2.2.1 ×ÔÈ»ÓïÐòÓëµ¹×°ÓïÐò
2.2.2 ÐÞÊÎÓïµÄÇ°ÖÃÓëºóÖÃ
2.3 Ó¢ººÓïÐòÌص㼰ÕÕÓ¦ÎÊÌâ
2.3.1 ÐÂÎű¨¿¯±êÌâµÄÌصã
2.3.2 Ó¢ÓïºóÖÃÐÞÊÎÓïµÄÕÕÓ¦ÎÊÌâ
µÚÈýÕ ÂÛÊöÎÄÌå
3.0 ¸ÅÊö
3.0.1 ÂÛÊöÎÄÌåµÄ·¶³ë
3.0.2 ÂÛÊöÎÄÌåµÄÌصã
3.0.3 ÂÛÊöÎÄÌåµÄººÒëÒªµã
3.1 ´ÊµÄ·­Òë
3.1.1 Ó¢ºº´ÊÒåµÄ²îÒì
3.1.2 Ó¢ºº´ÊÒå±æÎö·¨
3.2 ³£¼ûµÄÒë´Ê·¨
3.2.1 ÍÆÑÝ·¨(Deduction)
3.2.2 ÒÆÖ²·¨(Transplant)
3.2.3 ÒýÉê·¨(Extension)
3.2.4 Ìæ´ú·¨(Substitution)
3.2.5 ÊÍÒå·¨(Explanation)
3.2.6 ×ººÏ·¨(Combination)
3.2.7 ÒôÒë·¨(Transliteration)
3.3 Òë´ÊÒªµã
3.3.1 ×¼È·ÕÆÎմʵݵº­Òå
3.3.2 ×¼È·ÕÆÎÕÓïÆøµÄÇáÖØ
3.3.3 ×¼È·ÕÆÎմʵÄÎÄÌåÉ«²Ê
µÚËÄÕ ¹«ÎÄÎÄÌå
4.O ¸ÅÊö
4.0.1 ¹«ÎÄÎÄÌåµÄ·¶³ë
4.0.2 ¹«ÎÄÎÄÌåµÄÌصã
4.0.3 ¹«ÎÄÎÄÌåµÄººÒëÒªµã
4.1 ·­ÒëÓ¢Óï¾ä×ӵĻù±¾³ÌÐò
4.2 ³£¼ûµÄÓ¢Óﳤ¾ä¡¢ÄÑÑ®ººÒë·¨
4.2.1 °üÔÐ(Embedding)
4.2.2 Çжϻò·ÖÇÐ(CuRing)
4.2.3 µ¹ÖÃ(Reversing)
4.2.4 ²ðÀë(Splitting-off)
4.2.5 ²åÈë(Inserting)
4.2.6 ÖØ×é(Recasting)
4.3 ½áÓï
µÚÎåÕ Ãèд¼°ÐðÊöÎÄÌå
5.0 ¸ÅÊö
5.0.1 Ãèд¼°ÐðÊöÎÄÌåµÄ·¶³ë
5.0.2 Ãèд¼°ÐðÊöÎÄÌåµÄÌصã
5.0.3 Ãèд¼°ÐðÊöÎÄÌåµÄººÒëÒªµã
5.1 Çé̬µÄ·­Òë
5.1.1 ¸ÅÊö
5.1.2 Ó¢ÓïÇé̬¶¯´Ê(1"he Modal Verb)µÄ·­Òë
5.1.2.1 Can£¯Could
5.1.2.2 Dare£¯Dared
5.1.2.3 May£¯Might
5.1.2.4 Must
5.1.2.5 Need
5.1.2.6 Ought
5.1.2.7 Shall£¯Should
5.1.2.8 Will£¯Would
5.1.3 ½áÓï
5.2 ¶¯´Ê½øÐÐÌåµÄÇé̬·­Òë
5.2.1 Ãèд¹¦ÄÜ(De*ive£ºFunction)
5.2.2 ¹ý¶É¹¦ÄÜ(Interim Function)
5.2.3 ±íÇ鹦ÄÜ(Emotional Function)
5.2.4 Ð޴ǹ¦ÄÜ(Rhetorical Function)
5.2.5 ±íʾÖ÷ÓïµÄÌØÕ÷(Characteristic)»òÇãÏò(Inclination)
5.3 ¾ä×ÓµÄÇé̬·­Òë
5.3.1 Í¨¹ý±ä»»¾äʽ±íÏÖ¾ä×ÓµÄÇé̬
5.3.2 ±ä»»ÓïÐò
5.3.3 Òë³ö¾äÖдøÇé̬µÄ´ÊÓï
5.3.4 Ôö²¹Êʵ±µÄÓïÆøÖú´Ê¼°ÆäËûÐé´Ê
5.4 ³¬Îı¾Çé̬µÄÁìÎòºÍ·­Òë
µÚÁùÕ ¿Æ¼¼ÎÄÌå
6.0 ¸ÅÊö
6.0.1 ¿Æ¼¼ÎÄÌåµÄ·¶³ë
6.0.2 ¿Æ¼¼ÎÄÌåµÄÌصã
6.0.3 ¿Æ¼¼ÎÄÌåµÄººÒëÒªµã
6.1 Ó¢Óﶯ´ÊµÄ·­Òë
6.1.1 Ó¢ºº¶¯´Ê¶Ô±È¼°·­Òë
6.1.2 Ó¢Óï±»¶¯Óï̬µÄ·­Òë
6.1.2.1 ±»¶¯Óï̬µÄ¡°ÓïÒå¼ÛÖµ¡±(Semantic Values)
6.1.2.2 ±»¶¯Óï̬µÄ·­ÒëÎÊÌâ
6.1.3 Ó¢Óï×´ÓïÐԷִʽṹµÄ·­Òë
6.2 Ó¢Óï¿Æ¼¼´Ê»ãÓëÁ¬´ÊµÄ·­Òë
6.2.1 ¿Æ¼¼´Ê»ãµÄ·­Òë
6.2.2 ¿Æ¼¼ÊõÓïͳһÎÊÌâ
6.2.3 Á¬´ÊººÒëÎÊÌâ
6.3 Ó¢Óï¼ÆÊýµÄººÒë
6.3.1 ±¶Êý±íʾ·¨(Multiplication)
6.3.2 ¼ÆÁ¿×ª»»
µÚÆßÕ ӦÓÃÎÄÌå
7.0 ¸ÅÊö
7.0.1 Ó¦ÓÃÎÄÌåµÄ·¶³ë
7.0.2 Ó¦ÓÃÎÄÌåµÄÌصãÓ뺺ÒëÒªµã
7.0.2.1 ¹ã¸æÎÄÌå
7.0.2.2 ¹«º¯ÎÄÌå
7.0.2.3 ÆõÔ¼ÎÄÌå
7.0.2.4 ½Ì·¶ÎÄÌå
7.1 Ó¢Óï´ú´ÊµÄººÒë
7.1.1 Ó¢ºº´ú´Ê±È½Ï
7.1.2 ´ú´ÊººÒëµÄ¼¸¸öÎÊÌâ
7.1.3 ´ú´ÊµÄÖ¸´ú¹Øϵ
7.1.4 ²»¶¨´ú´ÊoneµÄ·­Òë
7.1.5 È˳ƴú´ÊÖ¸´ú·¶Î§µÄÀ©´ó
7.2 Ó¢Óï½é´Ê¡¢¹Ú´Ê¼°Ãû´ÊÊýµÄººÒë
7.2.1 Ó¢ºº½é´Ê±È½Ï
7.2.2 ½é´ÊººÒëµÄ¼¸¸öÎÊÌâ
7.2.3 ¸´ÊýµÄ·­Òë
7.2.4 Ó¢ÎÄÃû´Ê¸´ÊýµÄ±äÒå
7.2.5 ÊýÁ¿´Ê±ØÐë·ûºÏººÓïÏ°¹ß
7.2.6 ¹Ú´ÊµÄººÒë
µÚ°ËÕ ·­ÒëÈýÂÛ
8.1 ÂÛÑϽ÷
8.1.1 ¸ÅÊö
8.1.2 ÒªÒå
8.1.3 ÒëÎIJ»ÑϽ÷µÄ±íÏÖÐÎʽ
8.1.4 ½áÓï
8.2 ÂÛÐÞ´Ç
8.2.1 ¸ÅÊö
8.2.2 ¾«ÐÄÕå×ÃÒë´Ê
8.2.3 Ç¡µ±ÔËÓóÉÓï
8.2.4 ÕýȷʹÓÃÐé´Ê
8.2.5 Áé»î°²Åžäʽ
8.2.6 ÝÀÉ÷ÕÆÎÕÔö¼õ
8.3 ÂÛ·ç¸ñµÄ·­Òë
8.3.1 ¸ÅÊö
8.3.2 ¡°·µÆäÕ桱£ºÒëÎÄÓ¦ÊÊÓ¦Ô­ÎÄÎÄÌå·çò
8.3.3 ¡°·½´çÖ®µØ¡±¼û¹¦·ò£ºÒëÎÄÓë×÷¼Ò¸öÈË·ç¸ñ
8.3.4 ¹ØÓÚËùν¡°·­ÒëÌ塱
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